The Rule of Law free essay sample

‘Our parliamentary majority rules system depends on the standard of law. One of the twin standards whereupon the standard of law depends is the incomparability of Parliament in its authoritative limit. The other standard is that the courts are the last judges with regards to the translation and use of the law. As both Parliament and the courts get their power from the standard of law so both are dependent upon it and can not act in a way which includes its repudiation.’ (Lord Woolf, 1995) Explain and talk about. 1. The conventional British Constitution expected: Parliament would ensure opportunity and consider the standard of law in its authoritative limit. It would be in this manner, act naturally controlling. The courts through their responsibility to the standard of law would declare the significance of opportunity against the activity of official force and the creation of enactment. 2. Parliamentary majority rules system depends on the standard of law. [Needs expansion] Parliamentary majority rules system = the administration is casted a ballot into power by the individuals so as to speak to the interests of the individuals. 3. The standard of law can possibly exist if Parliament remembers it and clings to its standards in its administrative limit. There is a contention between the two central protected standards; the sway of Parliament and the standard of law. On the off chance that the contention isn't settled, a protected emergency will emerge. (Bogdanor) In the UK, Parliament has no administrative prevalent. The pith of parliamentary sway has been communicated by Bogdanor as â€Å"what the Queen in Parliament orders is law†. Thus, Dicey has expressed, â€Å"it is a central principle†¦ that Parliament can do everything except for make a lady a man, and a man a woman.† ïÆ' Parliament in its authoritative limit can decide to disregard the standard of law. The issue is along these lines, regardless of whether Parliament can administer in a way, which encroaches the standard of law. NB: This issue possibly emerges on the off chance that one receives a ‘thick’ meaning of the standard of law (as Bingham does), as parliamentary matchless quality is reliable with a ‘thin’ meaning of the standard of law. Bingham proposes that there ought to be a codification of rules, which no legislature ought to be allowed to abuse withoutâ legal restriction. Be that as it may, he takes note of that to substitute the power of an arranged and dug in Constitution for the sway of Parliament is a significant sacred change, which must be made by the British open. In addition, the way that the guideline of the standard of law is unwritten permits judges to lead on what the term implies if and when the inquiry emerges for choice. This would imply that the definition isn't manufactured in theoretical however concerning specific cases, gi ving it more accuracy. Besides, the way that it is unwritten permits the idea to develop after some time in light of new perspectives and circumstances. It is obvious Dicey’s comprehension of the standard of law varies profoundly from the cutting edge understanding. 4. The standard of law can possibly work if the courts are the last judges with regards to the understanding and utilization of the law. [Needs expansion] The standard of law concerns the relationship of the administration to the law. 5. As both Parliament and the courts get their position from the standard of law so both are dependent upon it and can not act in a way, which includes its revocation. Parliament gets their position from the standard of law in light of the fact that [†¦] The courts get their power from the standard of law on the grounds that [†¦] Class Questions How does Dicey record for the standard of law? Presently: contrast that account and the thinking of the courts in Entick v Carrington and IRC v Rossminster against Dicey’s understanding. How would they contrast? What is the fundamental issue that the House of Lords was approached to determine in the Corner House case? a. What significance is granted to the standard of law in thinking of the court? b. Do you concur with the Attorney General that open intrigue (for example ‘British lives on British streets’) ought to be an abrogating factor for a situation, for example, this? Rule of Law †Tom Bingham A. Dicey’s Rule of Law No man can is culpable or can legitimately made to endure in body or merchandise aside from a particular break of law set up in the normal lawful way under the watchful eye of the conventional courts of the land. Nobody is exempt from the rules that everyone else follows and everybody is dependent upon a similar law directed in similar courts. The standard of law swarms the British constitution, yet it's anything but a composed terrific affirmation of guideline. B. A current comprehension of the Rule of Law The contrast between Dicey’s comprehension of the Rule of Law and an advanced comprehension of the Rule of Law is clear through looking at Entick v Carrington and IRC v Rossminster. Entick v Carrington (1765) Case Facts: The King’s delivery people had a warrant from the Secretary of State (a) to capture the offended party, Entick, who was claimed to be the authort of rebellious compositions and (b) to hold onto his books and papers. They broke into his home and removed his papers. Entick sued the officials for trespass to his home and products. The respondents tried to legitimize the lawfulness of the warrant, nonetheless, they couldn't locate a lawful position supporting their case and accordingly, depended upon: (a) the way that such warrants had been given often before and executed without challenge, and (b) the intensity of seizure was fundamental to government. Guideline: An open official must show express lawful expert for any obstruction with individual or property of the resident. Method of reasoning: Master Camden: â€Å"If it is law it will be found in our books. On the off chance that it isn't to be found there, it isn't law.† The way that this type of trespass was a typical practice by the officials can't cover the assortment of open law that has been authorized by Parliament, noted in the books and settled by the courts. Be that as it may, in IRC v Rossminster Ltd (1980) the guideline in Entick v Carrington was restricted. Case Facts: The Taxes Management Act 1970 approved officials of the Board of Inland Revenue, acting under a court order, to enter premises and hold onto anything at all sensibly accepted to be proof of an offense including genuine misrepresentation and duty. In Rossminster, the warrant neglected to indicate what specific offense was suspected. Held: there was nothing in the rule that necessary the specific offense to be expressed in the warrant. Issue I: Was there an infringement of the rule of Entick v Carrington and further, an infringement of Di cey’s comprehension of the standard of law (for example that express legitimate power must be appeared for impedances with singular rights)? Officially, there has not been an infringement of the standard of Entick v Carrington as the rule had been followed. In substance, there has been an infringement as the lawful force presented to the officials of the Board of Inland Revenue are wide/don't need to particularized before the force is utilized against the person. Additionally, the Security Service Act 1996 as a result, made official watchfulness to give warrants, with no legal protect, according to the location or avoidance of â€Å"serious crimes†. Equivalent to a cancelation of Entick v Carrington (Duffy and Hunt). Another impediment of Dicey’s Rule of Law is spoken to by R (on the utilization of Corner House Research and Others) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office (generally known as the Corner House case). A wide edge of attentiveness was given to the Director of the Serious Fraud Office, in spite of the principal appendage of Dicey’s hypothesis for example that adherence to the standard of law = people in power ought not have wide, self-assertive and optional forces. Case Facts: The issue was whether, in stopping the examination, the Director of Serious Fraud Office had unlawfully â€Å"surrendered to a threat†. The danger being referred to was handed-off to the Director by, specifically, the UK Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister’s see was that, except if the examination was dropped, there was an impending danger of a breakdown in UK/Saudi security, knowledge and political co-activity, which was probably going to have genuine ramifications for national security. Standard: National security consistently bests the standard of law. The suggestions are clear: under UK law, an apparently free investigator can never really oppose a danger made by somebody abroad if the UK government affirms that the danger imperils national security. For a situation contacting outside relations and national security the obligation of choice on the benefits is doled out to the chosen arm of government. In any event, when the court guarantees that the Government follows formal necessities and acts normally, the law accords to the official anâ especially wide edge of caution.

Lord Of The Flies Quotes And Significance Essay Example For Students

Master Of The Flies Quotes And Significance Essay Eyes sparkling, mouths open, triumphant, they enjoyed the privilege of control. Section 1, Page 29 This statement originates from the primary part after the gathering of young men had the option to make a fire subsequent to centering daylight with Piggys specs. The fire represents human advancement and great inside the young men, and later in the story the fire being let out represented the wickedness and viciousness that is created on the island. They knew very well why he hadnt: as a result of the hugeness of the blade diving and cutting into living tissue; in light of the intolerable blood Section 1, page 31 This entry happens after Jack sees a piglet stuck in vines and pull out his blade to murder it. He delayed and didn't murder the pig since it got the opportunity to free itself and escape. Jack said he didnt execute the pig since he didnt realize where to cut it and says that he will slaughter the following pig he sees. In any case, here, clearly was reality. This section is huge on the grounds that it shows that Jack was not a savaged but rather a restrained, enlightened individual, who might not murder a pig without regret. He felt himself confronting something ungraspable Part 2, Page 37 This is in section 2, it depicts Ralphs sentiment of the mammoth. This later returns the book when Simon says that the monster is certifiably not a physical structure however the internal fiendishness inside the entirety of the young men. Ralph, to a degree, likewise understood this and fells that the monster is ungraspable genuinely, yet doesn't understand that its the intrinsic malice inside people. I concur with Ralph. Weve got the chance to have controls and obey them. All things considered, were not savages. Were English, and the English are best at everything. So weve got the chance to do the correct things. Jack, Page 42 Another huge entry about the acculturated piece of Jack. Here he even cases that theyre not savages with a nationalistic tone. This is amusing in light of the fact that when they murdered the pig and hung up the Lord of the Flies, they yielded to viciousness, despite the fact that they were Englishmen. Roger accumulated a bunch of stones and started to toss them. However there was a space round Henry, maybe six yards in width, into which he dare not toss. Here, undetectable yet solid, was the untouchable of the old life. Round the hunching down youngster was the assurance of guardians and school and cops and the law. Section 4, Page 62 Here is the starting signs that the gathering of young men are declining in human advancement and transforming into brutality. In any case, now human progress despite everything has more force than brutality and Roger, while tormenting Henry, couldn't give totally into his savage impulses however rather toss shakes around Henry. The decay of ethics begins from little strides into indefensible acts, here Roger is giving the primary indications of the young men surrendering to brutality His psyche was packed with recollections; recollections of the information that had come to them when they surrounded the battling pig, information that they had outmaneuvered a living thing, forced their will upon it, removed its life like a long fulfilling drink. Section 4, Page 70 This statement shows another huge advance into viciousness after Jack executes his first pig. Jack boasts in the execute and is busy with the idea of the primary slaughter. Before in the novel, Jack says that chasing is important to give meat to the gathering. Presently obviously Jack is fixated on chasing due to his crude impulses and has nothing to do with giving sustenance to the gathering. .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d , .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d .postImageUrl , .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d , .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d:hover , .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d:visited , .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d:active { border:0!important; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d:active , .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0d0c509744362 5813ed845a94ac6f38d .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0d0c5097443625813ed845a94ac6f38d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Child Called Nature EssayBut I disclose to you that smoke is a higher priority than the pig, anyway frequently you murder one. Ralph, Page 81 Ralph begins saying this as Jack is tired of not being the pioneer. Here Ralph says as a last contention that the fire is a higher priority than chasing. The importance of this is the way that a fire will flag a salvage transport. This inevitably occurs at long last. What I mean is Maybe its lone us. Simon got awkward in his endeavors to communicate mankinds fundamental ailment. Simon, Chapter 5, page 89 Simon says these words in Chapter 5, where he discusses the brute. While different young men were discussing the mammoth as an exacting brute that stows away in the forested areas, or in the water, as a physical being, Simon says that the monster is just the young men themselves. Simon doesn't completely comprehend this thought until in Chapter 8 where he faces the Lord of the Flies in a visualization. This turns out to be evident that the brute is the insidiousness inside the young men and the viciousness among them. The monster is a tracker we couldnt execute it. Jack, page 126 Jack is discussing the monster here. Jack clearly fears the monster and even set up the Lord of the Flies as a contribution for the brute. Jack doesn't get a handle on reality with regards to the brute and tumbles to viciousness particularly in his demonstration of setting up the Lord of the Flies Im not going to play any more. Not with you. Jack, page 127 This is when Jack leaves the gathering. He does this since all he needs to do is chase and wouldn't like to endure obligations, for example, keeping up the fire. This has importance as it prompts Simons and Piggys demise and it additionally prompts the endeavored murder of Ralph. The half-shut eyes were diminish with the boundless skepticism of grown-up life. They guaranteed Simon that everything was an awful business. Section 8, Page 137 This is the main depiction of the spoiled Lord of the Flies when Simon saw it. This happens directly before Simons vision with the Lord of the Flies where it was by all accounts ready to converse with Simon. This has significance as the Lord of the Flies represented the mammoth, which thusly represented the intrinsic wickedness inside people We cannot prop one fire up. What's more, they dont care. What's more, whats more, I dont here and there. Ralph, Chapter 8, Page 139 This statement is critical as it shows even decrease in Ralph. Ralph and Piggy were the main ones who knew best, and that is to keep the fire consuming in the event that a boat comes so they might be saved. Be that as it may, presently nearly everybody doesn't need a fire and even Ralph at times doesnt care about the fire on the grounds that nobody else does. There isnt anybody to support you. Just me. Furthermore, Im the Beast . . . Extravagant reasoning the Beast was something you could chase and execute! . . . You knew, didnt you? Im part of you? Close, close, close! Im the motivation behind why its no go? Why things are how they are? Ruler of the Flies, conversing with Simon, Chapter 8, Page 142 This statement is in part 8 where Simon has a dream in his experience with the Lord of the Flies. Here the Lord of the Flies gives off an impression of being conversing with Simon. These words said by the Lord of the Flies affirms Simons hypothesis that the mammoth is just the inward detestable inside the young men, not a physical being. This prompts Simon running back to the young men during the blowout trying to disclose reality to different young men. 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Alumni share how SIPA became a launchpad for their careers COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Alumni share how SIPA became a launchpad for their careers COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Im often asked about  where SIPAs alumni land post graduation. The answer is wherever they want! But dont take my word for it. Here are four  videos from SIPA graduates from the classes of 2013  and 2014. The videos are all about two minutes long, so  take  an 8-minute break to hear what our Seeples have to say about how theyre  making an impact across the globe, and how SIPA helped them get there. Alumni Perspective: Jitka Grundmanova 13  Studying at SIPA and living in NY, made me realize that the best way for me to make impact is working in the private sector. Alumni Perspective: Pushkar Sharma MIA 13  Ive wanted to work at the UN since I was twelve years old. Alumni Perspective: Itay Gefen MIA 14  Two years ago, I never would have thought I would work in the start-up scene in New York Alumni Perspective: Adam Scher MPA 13  As a leader youre not just trying to develop more followers, you’re trying to empower the people around you.

John Kennedy Assassination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2149 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Essay any type Tags: John F Kennedy Essay Did you like this example? The John F. Kennedy Assassination On November 22, 1963 President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the murder. It is believed that Lee Harvey Oswald was not the only one involved with the crime. There are countless theories on how President Kennedy was murdered. Some of the theories include the FBI, CIA, and the mob being involved. The Warren commission said that they believe that it was solely Lee Harvey Oswald who killed President Kennedy. Most of the evidence shows that Lee Harvey Oswald could not be the only one involved. John F. Kennedy was the fourth United States President to be assassinated. Even today, there remains tremendous debate on who was responsible for the murder of Kennedy. The assassination of President Kennedy has started many different conspiracy theories about who was involved with the murder. President Kennedy wanted to travel to Dallas, Texas to help strengthen his vote for the upcoming election and also to gain more Democratic Party members. Before Kennedy went on the trip there was some concern about a sniper being on top of a building. President Kennedy also made comments before he was killed about his safety in a convertible car. The car President Kennedy was driving in was a 1963 Lincoln Continental open top limo. Sergeant Davis of the Dallas police department was the one who made sure the city was secure whenever any President or foreign leader came to Dallas. The secret service agent who was responsible for the planning of the Kennedy motorcade was Winston Lawson. Lawson told Sergeant Davis not to allow any police officers to follow the presidents car. It was standard procedure for the police to secure the perimeter when any president came to Dallas. Jessy Curry who was the chief of police said that if the cops were allowed to secure the area, then the murder could have been stopped. The cops who would normally secure the area have submachine guns and rifles.(Harrison Edward Livinstone, High Treason 2 The Great Cover-Up:The Assassination of John F. Kennedy (1992) Hardback) The original plan was to go from the Love Field Airport to downtown Dallas and Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was supposed to give a speech at the Dallas Trade Mart. Kennedys car did not have a bullet proof top, because they did not have anything invented at the time. At 12:30 President Kennedys limo went towards the Texas School book depository. Then the car turned right in front of the building and was only 65 feet away. The car was going 13 miles per hour and then slowed down to 9 miles per hour. Once the car passed the building the shots rang out. A man named Abraham Zapruder was right in front of the limo when it was being shot at. Zapruder was filming as the shooting took place. Kennedy and Texas Governor John Connally were both shot. John Connally was riding in the same car as Kennedy and was sitting in the passenger seat in front of the president. Governor John Connally was in critical condition but he survived. There was also another person that was just watching the motorcade that was injured from debris when the bullet hit a curb. (David S. Lifton, Best Evidence:Disguise and Deception in the Assassination of John F. Kennedy) Lee Harvey Oswald had been arrested for the killing a Dallas police officer J.D. Tippit. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged for killing President Kennedy and officer J.D. Tippit. Whenever Oswald was questioned about the shooting of President Kennedy he denied everything. There was a twelve hour interrogation of Lee Harvey Oswald and no recordings or notes were taken. Oswald said that he wasnt involved and that he was just a patsy. Two days after the assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby. Oswald was in police custody at the time of the shooting. Jack Ruby posed as a reporter who was trying to ask Oswald a question.(The Assassination of JFK 19 June 2005 www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKindex.htm) The gun that was used was an Italian Manl icher-Carcano rifle. The rifle was found at the Texas School Book Depository on the sixth floor. When the police officers found the gun they recorded everything. The rifle is said to be the same gun that was used in the assassination. There was a bullet on the Connallys stretcher and it was fired from the gun that the police had found. Lee Harvey Oswald purchased the gun under the fake name of Alek James Hiddell. (The Assassination of JFK 19 June 2005 www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKindex.htm) President Kennedy was announced deceased at the emergency room. The surgeons at the hospital said that Kennedy had absolutely no chance for survival. Dr. George Burkley came to the hospital shortly after the president was shot and looked at the head wound and said that it was the cause of death. A priest came to give President Kennedy his last rites. Lyndon B. Johnson who was the vice president was the next person to become president. Lyndon B. Johnson was riding in a car behind Kennedy . Lyndon B. Johnson went through the procedure to become president while he was on Air Force One. (The Assassination of JFK 19 June 2005 www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKindex.htm) Once Air Force One had landed, an autopsy was performed at Bethesda Naval Hospital. The autopsy report said that Kennedy had been shot in the head and in the shoulder. Reports of the autopsy were incorrect and did not match up. It is said that Dr. James J. Humes probably destroyed the autopsy report and notes that were taken during the autopsy. The measurements that Dr. James J. Humes took were inconsistent and not exact. The autopsy reports were not shown to the Warren Commission. The people who handled the autopsy records did not keep track of how many pictures were taken. It is also said that the pathologists were not experienced enough to handle Kennedys body in the first place. Kennedys neck was not looked at to determine how the bullet entered and exited. After the autopsy Kennedys body was em balmed and was put into the white house for the public to see. The body was removed from the white house and buried in Arlington National Cemetery. (David S. Lifton, Best Evidence:Disguise and Deception in the Assassination of John F. Kennedy) There was also no recordings or radio coverage of the assassination. All of the news crews were waiting at the trade Mart for Kennedy and not in Dealey Plaza. There was some news crews riding with the Kennedy motorcade, but they were in the very back. The only recording of the murder was from Abraham Zapruders camera. Many individuals took still pictures of the shooting also. The Zapruder film shows Kennedys head moving forward and then backwards. The Zapruder film was shown on television, but was edited a lot. More recently, in 2003 ABC News drew Dealey Plaza in three dimensional computer models.(David S. Lifton, Best Evidence:Disguise and Deception in the Assassination of John F. Kennedy) The government is doing a good job in preven ting records of the Kennedy assassination from becoming publicly available. In 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson made the Warren Commission findings to be kept from public viewing. Johnson said that the documents cannot be seen by the public for 75 years, which would be until 2039. Covering up all of the records, leads more people to believe that there is indeed a conspiracy involved with the death of President Kennedy. Congress established the â€Å"President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992†. Congress made the act so that people could see the records earlier and they also felt that there was not a need to keep the records from public eyes. The act says that any document that has not been lost of destroyed must be given to the public by 2017. Many documents have already been opened, but the majority still remains locked away. All of the original evidence and material cannot be released, because it was lost or destroyed. Some import pieces of evi dence that were neglected are; the Governor of Texass suit being dry cleaned, the limo being cleaned, and Lee Harvey Oswalds Marine service file being lost. (Josiah Thompson, Six Seconds in Dallas (1976 Paperback)) There was a paraffin test conducted on Lee Harvey Oswalds right cheek and hands. The purpose of the test was to tell if Oswald had fired a weapon. The paraffin test came out positive, but the Warren commission said the data was inaccurate. The first people to conduct an investigation were the FBI. The director of the FBI said that he wanted something to convince the public that Lee Harvey Oswald was the only one involved with the assassination. The FBI report took 17 days to complete and was given to the Warren Commission. The FBI assisted the Warren Commission. Both the FBI and the Warren Commission said that there were only three shots fired from the rifle that Lee Harvey Oswald had. The House Select Committee Investigated the FBIs results. The committee con cluded that the FBI did not investigate whether or not President Kennedy was involved in a conspiracy and also that they did not give their data to other law enforcement agencies. James Hosty was an FBI agent who name appeared in Jack Rubys address book. The FBI made another copy of the address book and erased James Hostys name out of it and then gave it to the Warren Commission. Before the assassination took place, Lee Harvey Oswald went to the FBI office so that he could meet with James Hosty. Hosty was not in his office when Oswald had arrived, so Oswald left a note for him. When Oswald was murdered by Ruby, James Hosty destroyed the note by tearing it up and flushing it down the toilet. (Josiah Thompson, Six Seconds in Dallas (1976 Paperback)) When the Warren Commission completed their report many people questioned it and did not believe its findings. Many people have written books and articles disproving what the Warren Commission had said. In 2003 ABC News did a poll to see what the public thought about the John F. Kennedy assassination. The poll said that seventy percent of the people think that there is a plot involved with the murder of Kennedy. Around seventy to ninety percent of the American people did not believe the Warren Commissions findings. Even government officials that worked for the Warren Commission said that they did not completely believe the commissions results themselves. The House Select Committee on Assassinations said that the Warren Commission and the FBI failed to investigate who else could have been with the murder. The committee also said that the main reason for the lack of information and results were due to the Warren Commission not communicating with the CIA. (Gerald Posner, Case Closed (1993 Hardcover, 1st Edition)) The House Select Committee determined that President Kennedy was killed because of a conspiracy. Their results went directly against the Warren Commissions and were the complete opposite. The HSCA said that four shots were fired and Lee Harvey Oswald was not the only one who did the shooting. Lee Harvey Oswald has shot 3 shots and another gunman had fired the other shot from behind the fence on the grassy knoll. The grassy knoll theory has came from acoustic evidence and many different witnesses. In 2001, an article by D.B. Thomas stated that the HSCAs second gunman theory was right. The Assassination Record Review Board said that the autopsy of John F. Kennedy was a tragedy. (David S. Lifton, Best Evidence:Disguise and Deception in the Assassination of John F. Kennedy) The majority of the evidence involved with the John F. Kennedy assassination was mishandled and not dealt with the way it should have been. Since most of the evidence was lost and is locked away, its leads people to further believe in a conspiracy theory. The murder of John F. Kennedy shows that the government has not served its people in a righteous manner. They have lied, covered-up, and twisted things so m uch that it will never be possible to find out who was really involved with the murder. The government has violated the right of its own people. If the government took the time to correctly gather all of the evidence and look at all the aspects of the murder, than there would not be so much mystery surrounding the murder today. The government had violated the Kennedy familys 14th amendment. The 14th amendment and the due process of law were violated, because the Government failed to do a proper investigation of the assassination. The Kennedy family was not provided with a thorough and correct investigation of the murder. The government should have been a lot more accurate and involved with the investigations its agencies performed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "John Kennedy Assassination" essay for you Create order

History of Matches - Inventors and Methods

If you need to start a fire do you rub sticks together or break out your handy flint? Probably not. Most people would use a lighter or a match to start a fire. Matches allow for a portable, easy-to-use source of fire. Many chemical reactions generate heat and fire, but matches are a fairly recent invention. Matches are also an invention you probably wouldnt choose to duplicate if civilization ended today or you were stranded on a desert island. The chemicals involved in modern matches are generally safe, but that wasnt always the case: 1669 [Hennig Brand or Brandt, also known as Dr. Teutonicus] Brand was an Hamburg alchemist who discovered phosphorus during his attempts to turn base metals into gold. He allowed a vat of urine to stand until it putrefied. He boiled the resulting liquid down to a paste, which he heated to a high temperature, so that the vapors could be drawn into water and condensed into... gold. Brand didnt get gold, but he did obtain a waxy white substance that glowed in the dark. This was phosphorus, one of the first elements to be isolated other than those which exist free in nature. Evaporating urine produced ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate (microcosmic salt), which yielded sodium phosphite upon heating. When heated with carbon (charcoal) this decomposed into white phosphorus and sodium pyrophosphate:(NH4)NaHPO4 —†º NaPO3 NH3 H2O8NaPO3 10C —†º 2Na4P2O7 10CO P4Although Brand tried to keep his process a secret, he sold his discovery to a German chemist, Krafft, who exhibited phosphorus throughout Europe. Word leaked out that the substance was made from urine, which was all Kunckel and Boyle needed to work out their own means of purifying phosphorus. 1678 [Johann Kunckel]Knuckel successfully made phosphorus from urine. 1680 [Robert Boyle] Sir Robert  Boyle coated a piece of paper with phosphorus, with a separate splinter of sulfur-coated wood. When the wood was drawn through the paper, it would burst into flame. Phosphorus was difficult to obtain at that time, so the invention was only a curiosity. Boyles method of isolating phosphorus was more efficient than Brands: 4NaPO3 2SiO2 10C —†º 2Na2SiO3 10CO P4 1826/1827 [John Walker, Samuel Jones] Walker serendipitously discovered a friction match made from antimony sulfide, potassium chlorate, gum, and starch, resulting from a dried blob on the end of a stick used to stir a chemical mixture. He didnt patent his discovery, though he did show it to people. Samuel Jones saw the demonstration and started to produce Lucifers, which were matches marketed to the Southern and Western U.S. states. Lucifers reportedly could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks at a considerable distance. They were known to have a strong firework odor. 1830 [Charles Sauria] Sauria reformulated the match using white phosphorus, which eliminated the strong odor. However, the phosphorus was deadly. Many people developed a disorder known as phossy jaw. Children who sucked on matches developed skeletal deformities. Phosphorus factory workers got bones diseases. One pack of matches contained enough phosphorus to kill a person. 1892 [Joshua Pusey] Pusey invented the matchbook, however, he placed the striking surface on the inside of the book so that all 50 matches would ignite at once. The Diamond Match Company later purchased Puseys patent and moved the striking surface to the exterior of the packaging. 1910 [Diamond Match Company] With a worldwide push to ban the use of white phosphorus matches, the Diamond Match Company got a patent for a non-poisonous match which used sesquisulfide of phosphorus. U.S. President Taft requested that Diamond Match give up their patent. 1911 [Diamond Match Company] Diamond yielded their patent on January 28, 1911. Congress passed a law placing a prohibitively high tax on white phosphorus matches. Present Day Butane lighters have largely replaced matches in many part of the world, however matches are still made and used. The Diamond Match Company, for example, makes more than 12 billion matches a year. Approximately 500 billion matches are used annually in the United States. An alternative to chemical matches is fire steel. Fire steel uses a striker and magnesium metal to produce sparks which may be used to start a fire. Sources Crass, M. F., Jr. (1941). A history of the match industry. Part 5. Journal of Chemical Education. 18 (7): 316–319. doi:10.1021/ed018p316Hughes, J. P. W; Baron, R.; Buckland, D. H., Cooke, M. A.; Craig, J. D.; Duffield, D. P.; Grosart, A. W.; Parkes, P. W. J.; Porter, A. (1962). Phosphorus Necrosis of the Jaw: A Present-day Study: With Clinical and Biochemical Studies. Br. J. Ind. Med. 19 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1136/oem.19.2.83Wisniak, Jaime (2005). Matches—The manufacture of fire. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology. 12: 369–380.

Twist and Shout Free Essays

The way companies are now packaging their products, makes me think, their ideas must have come straight from the mind of a second grade twelve year old. A senior with arthritis; the person for whom the drug was bottled, needs to have a pair of pliers, a flat head screwdriver, and plenty of muscle to open a bottle of pain medication. By the way, shouldn’t that be anti-pain medicine? But then why do we call the little candies that relief our cough, cough drops and not, anti-cough drops? Getting back to safety caps on medicine bottles, It is next to impossible to open one of those lids. We will write a custom essay sample on Twist and Shout or any similar topic only for you Order Now One medicine bottle says, follow the arrows to open, press down and turn. This sounds easy enough if you are built like Arnold Schwarzenegger. The problem with easy open bottles is the person in need of the medication is probably built more like Kermit the frog with Typhoid Fever. It’s ridiculous when you need to purchase TNT to blow off the cap of the pain medication container. The â€Å"safety† cap is designed to keep kids from opening the bottle and swallowing the meds. The problem is a child can open them much easier than a senior citizen under the best of conditions. I can see it now. â€Å"Grampa, give me the bottle, I’ll open it for you. † â€Å"But, you are only five†¦ and this cap is attached to the bottle with super glue. † I guarantee you; the five year old will have that top off before you can pronounce the name of the medication. The list of side effects on some of these meds is multitudinous. These bottles site every contraindication known to man, including, the inability to move, or think clearly, which may provoke, one to think; maybe it would be better if I laid down and died. This medication, the label states, may cause dizziness, light headedness, Vertigo, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, headaches, ear aches, Gingivitis, Gout, fainting spells, stomach pains, thoughts of suicide, and even death. For goodness sake, I’m only taking it for a headache, not preparing for cremation. I guess we can’t blame the drug companies for listing everything that can happen to a person if they take their medicine. People today, through all media, are urged to sue for everything. The advent of television advertising has branched out in these last few years allowing lawyers to advertise their services. Television advertising has become a haven for ambulance chasers and their ilk. I heard the story of a man who sued a motor coach company for damages caused when his vehicle crashed. He claimed he was driving down a stretch of road, in his new motor coach, when he decided he’d go back to the kitchen area and brew a pot of coffee. He put the vehicle on cruise control. The coach crashed, and he was injured, the vehicle demolished. He sued the company for not writing in their brochures that you couldn’t leave the driver’s seat while the vehicle was in motion. He won the case and was awarded a sum of money and a new coach. You are advised to think before you buy any product, read the label; However, the print is so small, you need a magnifying glass the size of a manhole cover to read the instructions on the bottle. Some meds have the side effects written on four sheets of paper inside the box in which the medicine came. All of this inane nonsense is due to sue happy people looking to make a quick buck. Some people play the lottery while others sue companies; the odds in winning are about the same. If you do win in court, the attorney takes his share off the top, probably around sixty percent, and you get the rest after court costs and taxes. Don’t give up your day job. Oh, not you, I’m talking to you, the plaintiff, not your lawyer. Mr Attorney, you are doing just fine in the finance department. That ad on TV has really paid off, hasn’t it? Here’s my idea for packaging medicine. Put a paper seal on the medicine bottle with a written three number code (not in succession). Break the seal, dial the number and open the bottle. As for side effects simply write: Take at your own risk, may cause a myriad of diseases and possibly death. Talk to your physician. Don’t sue us, we told you what could happen. As for manufacturers of motor coaches, all they need to write is; â€Å"Hey stupid if you want a cup of coffee stop at a roadside diner. † This is one I love as I recall going to the drug store for my mother. She had, over the years, adopted a poor sleeping habit, and needed a medication to help her sleep. As the pharmacist passed me the bottle of sleeping medication, I read the label that had been attached to the little brown bottle. It read; ‘may cause dizziness, restlessness, insomnia and drowsiness. If it causes insomnia, why would anyone want to use the drug in the first place? And one can only hope it does cause drowsiness, after all, that’s why you bought it in the first place, isn’t it? There are other stumbling blocks to the senior population; with a skull and crossbones emblem emblazoned on the label; a universal sign denoting it is a dangerous material. We should look und er the emblem, there we will find, in small print, ‘for external use only. ’ What makes the manufacturer of a product with enough chemicals to start World War III write ‘for external use only’ on their bottle. Are they afraid someone is going to use it as a mixer at their cocktail party? If it’s ammonia, you won’t be able to get it past your nose in the first place. Speaking of dangerous things. How many of you have swallowed a capful of mouthwash? Did you know it is unhealthy? The label says do not swallow. Why on earth are you gargling with a product, that if you swallow it by mistake it could kill you, or at the very least make you sick? That’s like putting dynamite, on which is written, beware dangerous material, in your back pocket and then backing up to a campfire to warm your backsides. It’s the same thing you know†¦ too close for comfort either way. What makes a citizen a senior? Answer: age. Though some of us don’t want people to know we are getting along in years, the wrinkles belie our vanity. Face lifts make the recipient look like a monster out of a 1950’s horror movie. I am not ashamed I have made it to three quarters of a century. I thank God my eyes are still the same color as they were when I was twenty, only slightly dimmer. The hair on my head is moving south at a quickening pace, but it has only transferred from the top of my head to my ears and nose. I can’t run any more; my walking pace has slowed almost to a crawl, but inside I am still twenty years old. Until I was forty I didn’t know what a doctor was, or what they did for work. After I had reached fifty, I was asked to become an associate member of the American Medical Association’s Who’s Who of most frequent doctor’s visits list. My mind hasn’t grasped the fact my body has aged. It says to me at times; ‘get up†¦ go for a four mile run, come home take a shower, ride a bike for sixty minutes, eat lunch, skip rope and climb a small mountain. My body answers for me; ‘you have got to be kidding me. ’ There are two fellows whose job it is to see that I remain idle; The Ritis Brothers, of which Artha is the outspoken one, and then there is always Mr Meniere. Mr Meniere’s contribution affects my inner ear; my balance. I reel like a drunken pirate with a pine log peg leg†¦ teetering back and forth with a dizzying gait; But I guess old age is the better of the two alternatives; I always say. As long as you are able to get up in the morning and get out of bed; you are still this side of the dirt. I have God to thank for my being able to get up in the morning, for it is by His grace that I live and move, and have my being. Without His help, I would be nothing but dust and dirt, present, but useless to anyone or anything. These are the golden years, and gold does not tarnish; it is always bright and shiny. Our smiles should be the reflection of our souls. As the little girl said to the grumpy old church deacon. â€Å"Are you happy to be a Christian? † He replied, â€Å"yes I am. † â€Å"Then tell your face. † How to cite Twist and Shout, Papers

The Legitimacy Of The Armed Struggle Of The Tamil People Essay Example For Students

The Legitimacy Of The Armed Struggle Of The Tamil People Essay Democracy may mean acceding to the rule of the majority,but democracy also means governments by discussion andpersuasion. It is the belief that the minority of today maybecome the majority of tomorrow that ensures the stabilityof a functioning democracy. The practice of democracy inSri Lanka within the confines of a unitary state served toperpetuate the oppressive rule of a permanent Sinhalamajority. It was a permanent Sinhala majority, which through a series oflegislative and administrative acts, ranging fromdisenfranchisement, and standardisation of University admissions,to discriminatory language and employment policies, and statesponsored colonisation of the homelands of the Tamil people,sough to establish its hegemony over people of Tamil Eelam. These legislative and administrative acts were reinforced fromtime to time with physical attacks on the Tamil people with intentto terrorise and intimidate them into submission. It was a courseof conduct which led eventually to rise of Tamil militancy in themid 1970s with, initially, sporadic acts of violence. The militancywas met with wide ranging retaliatory attacks on increasinglylarge sections of the Tamil people with intent, once again tosubjugate them. In the late 1970s large numbers of Tamil youthswere detained without trial and tortured under emergencyregulations and later under the Prevention of Terrorism Actwhich has been described by the International Commission ofJurists as a blot on the statute book of any civilised country. In1980s and thereafter, there were random killings of Tamils bythe state security forces and Tamil hostages were taken by thestate when suspects were not found. We will write a custom essay on The Legitimacy Of The Armed Struggle Of The Tamil People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsreads: Whereas it is essential if man is not compelled as alast resort to rebellion against tyranny andoppression, that human rights should be protectedby the rule of law.The rise of the armed struggle of the Tamil people constituted theTamil rebellion against a continuing Sinhala oppression over aperiod of several decades. The gross consistent and continuingviolations of the human rights of the Tamil people have been welldocumented by innumerable reports of human rightsorganisations as well as of independent observers of the SriLankan scene. Walter Schwarz commented in the Minority Rights GroupReport on Tamils of Sri Lanka, 1983The makings of an embattled freedom movementnow seem assembled: martyrs, prisoners and apitiful mass of refugees. Talk of Biafra which hadsounded misplaced in 1975, seemed less unreal afew years later As this report goes to press inSeptember 1983, the general outlook for humanrights in Sri Lanka is not promising. The presentconflict has transcended the special considerationof minority rights and has reached the point wherethe basic human rights of the Tamil community therights to life and property, freedom of speech andself expression and freedom from arbitrary arresthave in fact and in law been subject to gross andcontinued violations. The two communities aremow polarised and continued repression coupledwith economic stagnation can only producestronger demands from the embattled minority,which unless there is a change in direction by thecentral government, will result in a strongerSinhalese back lash and the possibility of outrightcivil war. David Selbourne remarked in July 1984: The crimes committed by the Sri Lankan stateagainst the Tamil minority against its physicalsecurity, citizenship rights, and politicalrepresentation -are of growing gravity.. Reportafter report by impartial bodies By AmnestyInternational, By the International Commission ofjurists, By parliamentary delegates from the Westby journalists and scholars have set out clearly thescale of growing degeneration of the political andphysical well being of the Tamil minority in SriLanka Their cause represents the very essence ofthe cause of human rights and justice; and to denyit, debases and reduces us all. .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .postImageUrl , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:hover , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:visited , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:active { border:0!important; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:active , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biology And Human Evolution EssayA Working Group chaired by Goran Backstrand, of the SwedishRed Cross at the Second Consultation on Ethnic Violence,Development and Human Rights, Netherlands, in February 1985concluded:There was a general consensus that within SriLanka today, the Tamils do not have the protectionof the rule of law, that the Sri Lankan governmentpresents itself as a democracy in crisis, and thatneither the government, nor its friends abroad,appreciate the serious inroads on democracy whichhave been made by the legislative, administrative,and military measures which are being taken. Theextreme measures which are currently beingadopted by the government inevita bly provokeextreme reactions from the other side The normallife of the (Tamil) population of the North has beenseriously affected. People either have greatdifficulty or find it completely impossible to continuewith their employment and there is a severeshortage of food and basic necessities Many Tamilsare daily fleeing across the Palk Straits to SouthernIndia. The continuing colonisation of Tamil areaswith Sinhalese settlers is exacerbating thesituation and the country is on the brink of civilwar.Senator A.L.Missen, Chairman, Australian Parliamentary Groupof Amnesty International, expressed his growing concern inMarch 1986:Some 6000 Tamils have been killed altogether inthe last few years These events are notaccidental. It can be seen that they are the result ofa deliberate policy on the part of the Sri Lankangovernment Democracy in Sri Lanka does notexist in any real sense. The democracy of Sri Lankahas been described in the following terms, termswhich are a fair and accurate descri ption: Thereluctance to hold general elections, the muzzling ofthe opposition press, the continued reliance onextraordinary powers unknown to a freedemocracy, arbitrary detention without access tolawyers or relations, torture of detainees on asystematic basis , the intimidation of the judiciary bythe executive, the disenfranchisement of theopposition, an executive President who holdsundated letters of resignation from members of thelegislature, an elected President who publiclydeclares his lack of care for the lives or opinion of asection of his electorate, and the continuedsubjugation of the Tamil people by a permanentSinhala majority, within the confines of an unitaryconstitutional frame, constitute the reality ofdemocracy, Sri Lankan style.The reports speak for themselves and that which emerges is achilling pattern of a forty year genocide attack on the Tamilpeople intended to subjugate them within an unitary SinhalaBuddhist state. Karen Parker of the Non Governmental Human RightsOrganisation, International Educational Development put itsuccinctly at the 42nd Sessions of UN Sub Commission on theProtection of Minorities. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights statesthat all persons, including members of minoritygroups, have the right to the full realisation of theirhuman rights and to an international order in whichtheir rights can be realised. The Sri Lanka situation has shown that for the pastforty years, the Sinhala controlled government hasbeen unwilling and unable to promote and protectthe human rights of the Tamil population, and theTamil population has accordingly lost all confidencein any present or future willingness or ability of theSinhala majority to do so. Are people in thissituation required to settle for less than their fullrights. Can the international community impose on apeople a forced marriage they no longer want andin which they can clearly demonstrate they havebeen Abused? We consider that in the case of SriLanka, 40 years is clearly enough for any group towait for their human rights.The inhabitants of the Northeast of the island of Sri Lankaconstitute a people and are thereby entitled to the right of selfdetermination. Since it has been recognised that the exercise ofthis right is not designed to dominate others but rather to escapedomination by others, the international community, through theGeneral Assembly Resolutions on Friendly Relations AmongStates (Resolution 2625) and on Definition of Aggression (act 7)and 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva convention of1949 (Act 1 C4), declared that as a last resort armed strugglecan be used as a method of exercising the right of selfdetermination. The Sri Lankan governments use of force indenying the Tamils right to self determination is in violation ofArticles 1 (2), 1 (3), 2 (4) and 56 of the United Nations Charter. .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .postImageUrl , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:hover , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:visited , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:active { border:0!important; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:active , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cloning and Stem Cell Research EssayThe Tamil people have been subjected to brutal and crudepersonal psychological and institutional violence by the Sri Lankagovernment and its agencies. The Sri Lanka Government hasbuilt up a massive 70,000 member armed force constitutedexclusively of Sinhalese and allocated immense funds for itssupport. The Tamils have resorted to arms to defend themselvesand the war being waged by the Liberation Tigers is a defensivewar. Unlike the measures adopted by the Sri Lankangovernment, this struggle is not aimed at domination; instead itserves to protect the sovereign identity of the Tamil people. The armed struggle of the Tamil people is both just and lawfulbecause the rule of law for the Tamil people had ceased to exist;because the Government of Sri Lanka had become a racistgovernment; and because the oppressed people of that racistgovernment were compelled to resort to arms to defendthemselves against that oppression. Based on reason and international law and coupled with theabsence of any internal or external machinery to realise the Tamilright to self determination, the Tamils resistance evolved frompeaceful agitation to armed struggle. As Professor Reisman ofthe Yale Law School states, insistence on non violence anddeference to all established in a system with many injusticescan be tantamount to confirmation and reinforcement of theseinjustices. In some circumstances violence may be the lastappeal.. of a group.. for some measure of human dignity. The international communitys recognition of a Peoples right todefend themselves and to use force to secure their legitimatepolitical objectives is reinforced by the contemporary politicaldiscourse. The formation of armed forces by the Ukraine,Moldavia; Georgia and Armenia and the European CommunitysPeace plan for Yugoslavias current crisis are all proof of theabove mentioned proposition. The legitimacy of the armed conflict of the people of Tamil Eelamwas afforded open international recognition when the combatantsin the armed conflict, participated in talks with a speciallyappointed Minister of the government of Sri Lanka at meetingsconvened by the Indian Government at Thimphu in 1985. It wasa legitimacy which was reinforced in February 1987, by theUnited Nations Commission on Human Right when it adopted aresolution on Sri Lanka in which the armed conflict wasdiscussed in terms of humanitarian law. Again, it was a legitimacywhich the Indo Sri Lankan Agreement signed by the PrimeMinister of India and the President of Sri Lanka in July 1987,recognised when it described the Tamil militant movement ascombatants in an armed conflict. Finally, in 1989/90, theLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam engaged in direct talks with thegovernment of Sri Lanka and were accorded recognition ascombatants. The statement made on behalf of the joint Front of TamilLiberation Organisations at the Thimphu Talks in 1985 serves tounderline the just and lawful nature of the struggle of the Tamilpeople:We are a liberation movement which wascompelled to resort to the force of arms because allforce of reason had failed to convince thesuccessive Sri Lankan government in the past. Further under conditions of national oppression andthe intensification of state terrorism and genocideagainst our people, the demand for a separate statebecome the only logical expression of theoppressed Tamil people. Our armed struggle is themanifestation of that logical expression.The future of that lawful armed struggle clearly falls to bedetermined in the context of the security of the Tamil people andtheir right to self determination and these are matters forresolution across a negotiating table, not in vacuum.

Postpartum Depression essays

Postpartum Depression essays Postpartum depression is a disorder that occurs in women after giving birth to a child. Symptoms of the disorder may include: sluggishness, fatigue, exhaustion, sadness, depression, hopelessness, appetite and sleep disturbances, memory loss, over concern for the baby, uncontrollable crying, lack of interest in the baby, fears of harming the baby or self, and decreased libido. These symptoms can range from mild to severe and often leave the women feeling bewildered. Some women may feel very anxious and show symptoms such as: intense anxiety and/or feat, rapid breathing, fast heart rates, a sense of doom, hot or cold flashes, chest pain, shaking and dizziness.(www.counciling.org) It is important to get a complete medical evaluation, including a thyroid screening to rule out any physical causes if you are having a number of these symptoms because these symptoms can imitate a physical ailment as well. The word postpartum means after birth, and postpartum illnesses are those conditions that can cause changes in the mood of the mother after the birth of a child. There are several factors that can contribute to the horde of new feelings the mother will be encountering after the birth of her new child: reduced sleep, having to care for the baby twenty-four hours a day, fluctuating hormone levels, loss of freedom, an unpredictable schedule, physical pain that comes with giving birth, increased work load, and increased responsibility.(www.chss.iup.edu) These stresses can contribute to postpartum illness which is made up of three different categories: postpartum blues, postpartum depression, and postpartum psychoses. Postpartum blues occur in anywhere from 60 percent to 80 percent of women who give birth. Postpartum blues are usually detected within the first three days after the birth of the child and only last for the first few days to the first few weeks. Women who experience this for of postpartum illness may experience:...

Overcoming Writers Block With Freewriting

Overcoming Writer's Block With Freewriting Heres how writing without rules can help us overcome writers block. If the prospect of having to write makes you uneasy, consider how one student has learned to cope with the problem: When I hear the word compose, I go berserk. How can I make something out of nothing? Thats not to imply that I have nothing upstairs, just no special talent for organizing thoughts and putting them down on paper. So instead of composing, I simply jot, jot, jot and scribble, scribble, scribble. Then I try to make sense of it all. This practice of jotting and scribbling is called freewriting- that is, writing without rules. If you find yourself searching for a writing topic, start by jotting down the first thoughts that come to mind, no matter how trivial or disconnected they may appear. If you already have at least a general idea of what you will be writing about, put down your first thoughts on that subject. How to Freewrite For five minutes, write non-stop: dont lift your fingers from the keyboard or your pen from the page. Just keep writing. Dont stop to ponder or make corrections or look up a words meaning in the dictionary. Just keep writing. While you are freewriting, forget the rules of formal English. Because you are writing only for yourself at this point, you dont have to worry about sentence structures, spelling or punctuation, organization or clear connections. (All those things will come later.) If you find yourself stuck for something to say, just keep repeating the last word you have written, or write, Im stuck, Im stuck until a fresh thought emerges. After a few minutes, the results may not look pretty, but you will have started writing. Using Your Freewriting What should you do with your freewriting? Well, eventually youll delete it or toss it away. But first, read it over carefully to see if you can find a keyword or phrase or maybe even a sentence or two that can be developed into a longer piece of writing. Freewriting may not always give you specific material for a future essay, but it will help you get into the right frame of mind for writing. Practicing Freewriting Most people need to practice freewriting several times before theyre able to make it work for them effectively. So be patient. Try freewriting as a regular exercise, perhaps three or four times a week, until you find that you can write without rules comfortably and productively.

Case Company Report-Sony Inc Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company Report-Sony Inc - Case Study Example Sony, a Japanese multinational conglomerate, was invented in the year 1946. It was formed by Masaru Ibuka who had a radio repair shop in Tokyo and his colleague Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo. In 1955 they produced the first commercial transistor in Japan known as Sony MK-55. Sony was not the first but its transistor was most the most successful in that decade. Sony had the most vital contribution towards making Japan the most powerful exporter in 1960s- 1980s. The company expanded into various areas such as games (Sony computer entertainment), motion pictures (Sony pictures entertainment), holdings and electronics (Sony Corporation), financial services (Sony Financial Holdings), music (Sony music entertainment). The co-founder of Sony was Akio Morita founded in 1960 Sony Corporation in America. Its major part of expansion was convergence that is linking of music, film, and digital electronics via Internet. The Sony Corporation has been accelerating initiatives in the electronic business which generates stable profits for the entire Sony group. The company aims at updating strategies in three core businesses such as games, mobiles and imaging. It has the business strategy of executing growth strategies in the emerging markets. The company engages into aggressive capital investment, explores new technology, and creates value added products (Gershon, 2000). The business model can be further more specifically divided into various parts as state in the diagram below- The company focuses on delivering high quality products to its customers. They continuously measure their performance in forms of different quality standards, review, and even focusing on customer feedback. They have specific quality management organizations in each of its SBUs. It has got service reviews, design reviews, verification system reviews to constantly measure their performance and focus on further improvement. It has even

The Evolution of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Evolution of Capitalism - Essay Example Marx and Engels were very critical of capitalism and the methods proposed by Smith. For them capitalism creates class antagonisms and the only solution is to overthrow capitalism. Carnegie like Marx acknowledges class divisions, but views inequality as inevitable and the solution lies in administration of wealth. The aim of this paper is to explore the evolution of capitalism and its impact on society through the works of Smith, Marx and Carnegie. Adam Smith is considered as the father of free market capitalism with the invisible hand controlling the market. Industrialization led to the factory system which changed work patterns. Laborers now produced commodities for exchange in the market with prices determined by forces of demand and supply instead of producing for own use (Sanders et al. 203). Due to lack of other means of obtaining subsistence food and maintaining their race, they offered their labor to factory owners in exchange of wages thus commodifying labor. Division of labo r became the norm in factories leading to labor productivity since workers could produce more products than if acting alone (204). Some operations are more complex than others requiring different skills and as such wages were paid according to level of complexity. Actors in this system are driven by self-interest. In Adam’s words â€Å"it’s not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest† (204). By pursuing self-interest (profit) the capitalists provide essential goods and revenue to the community without intending to do so. Though market mechanisms regulate the market, sometimes the employers combine to sink wages below the natural rate (207). Smith condemns such combinations as they hinder competition and same case applies to government interventions. Free trade is encouraged as a nation cannot be self sufficient; it could be cheaper to import than manufacture locally (207 ). Marx agrees with Smith that division of labor leads to improved productivity thus new wealth acquisition and that competition brings market efficiency (214).However, those who produce wealth do not benefit as capitalists accumulate the surplus value. This to Marx is exploitation of labor and also results into two antagonistic classes; the bourgeoisies (capitalists) and proletariat (working class) (216). The discussion during the early 19th century thus moved from discussing the rise of capitalism and centered on the class struggles produced by capitalism. Free trade and competition advocated by Smith only serve to encourage exploitation of workers by the capitalists. If the market is allowed to operate freely, capitalists employ and dismiss labor as they like and offer low wages since they have a reserve army of workers (217). Furthermore, labor has been replaced by machines. The solution offered by Marx and Engels to end class antagonisms is to overthrow capitalism and replace i t with communism. This entails abolishing private property and move from â€Å"each according to his ability; to each according to his needs† (215). Carnegie agrees with Marx that capitalism produces classes as evidenced in America. New classes of the rich and poor emerged with the gap between them widening as rich accumulate more wealth (220). Since competition is healthy and the government ought not to intervene in the market, his main concern is how this wealth

The Online Advertising Overview Media Essay

The Online Advertising Overview Media Essay As the presence of technology meshes into every aspect of our lives, mobile advertising has been recognized by many if not all marketers as being the future, but is it truly? Mobile devices have taken over our lives in many aspects. With their ability to shoot video, take pictures, playing your music library, browse the internet and so on; these new features allow marketers to target consumers via mobile ads and mobile applications. As time passes and technology evolves, new types of advertising venues spring up transitioning from newspapers to billboards, TV and radio, and now the internet. The authors of a peered reviewed scholarly article discuss how, Online advertising has three characteristics; ease of targeting; personalized contents; and interactivity (Dhar, Subhankar, and Upkar Varshney, 356). In comparison to TV or radio advertising, the internet medium allows advertisers to create interactive advertisements that can be tailored to be personalized and target the consumers di rect interests. But with the introduction of new methods and technologies to the market, it does not come without its disadvantages. Online Advertising Overview The end of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st were characterized by rapid developments of communication tools. Advertising delivered over the Internet or better known as online advertising has become a significant source of revenue for web-based businesses. Internet-based advertising is a gale of creative destruction (in the words of Schumpeter, 1942) sweepin g across the advertising and media landscape. Online advertisings humble beginnings began in in 1994 when HotWired, a web magazine, sold a banner ad to ATT and displayed the ad on its webpage (Kaye and Medoff, 2001). But since that time, the e-commerce hype has taken hold, and the focus has already moved on to the mobile Internet. The new technology changed the world by revolutionizing communication at a time when mobile computing technology as a communication tool was solely limited to telephone. However, due to digitalization and the consolidation of telecommunication networks and Internet technology, mobile devices ha ve evolved to provide the same experience as full-scale Internet-enabled computers. The convergence of these technologies provides endless possibilities for mobile computing applications and usage. M-advertising is inexpensive and can be highly targeted towards a certain individual. The potential of mobile devices as direct marketing tools has not gone unnoticed and advertisers have realized the opportunity to use the mobile channel to text information to targeted consumers. Unlike traditional print, TV, or even email advertising, companies can now reach speci ¬Ã‚ c consumer groups or even individuals, virtually anywhere, anytime, and based on the physical location of the mobile user. In addition, companies have more knowledge about their client pool than ever before. This provides businesses with the opportunity to reach their prospects when and where it is most appropriate for the effectiveness of a marketing campaign. M-advertising could most likely become a very powerful new marketing tool enabling businesses to customize and personalize advertising for mobile users. The Negative Side Effects of Mobile Advertising Although there are various de ¬Ã‚ nitions for the concept of M-advertising, no commonly accepted de ¬Ã‚ nition exists. This is because not much research is done in the area of M-advertising. In the present article M-advertising is referred to as the sending of electronic advertisements (mobile ads) to consumers carrying mobile devices. M-advertising is regarded by many as one of the most promising and pro ¬Ã‚ table business opportunities amongst mobile computing applications. A recent mobile marketing survey suggests that about 7% of the mobile users would be willing to receive mobile ads if they were relevant. Unlike personal computers (PCs), mobile devices typically are not shared, which allows for precise targeting of advertising to a single person. Moreover, mobile users rarely leave their home without their device and use them frequently throughout the day. As a result a message sent to a mobile device commands the immediate attention of the mobile user and may be perce ived as intrusive if the message is unanticipated. Mobile advertising is inexpensive and novel, and can be highly targeted towards a certain individual. The potential of mobile devices as direct marketing tools has not gone unnoticed and advertisers have realized the opportunity to use the mobile channel to text information to targeted consumers. Unlike traditional print, TV, or even email advertising, companies can now reach speci ¬Ã‚ c consumer groups or even individuals, virtually anywhere, anytime, and based on the physical location of the mobile user. In addition, companies have more knowledge about their client pool than ever before. This provides businesses with the opportunity to reach their prospects when and where it is most appropriate for the effectiveness of a marketing campaign. M-advertising could most likely become a very powerful new marketing tool enabling businesses to customize and personalize advertising for mobile users. The authors bring up the negative side effects of mobile advertising which include spam mail, SMS text messages, and privacy invasion. The authors go on to explain that, Since mobile communication is perceived as a truly private way of intercommunication, consumers can easily have a feeling that their privacy is invaded (Dhar, 356). The biggest fears that have arisen in recent years are location based marketing via GPS enabled mobile devices. (Dhar, 356). It isnt a surprise though that the idea of combining location information and user data could raise a serious privacy concerns for consumers because the activity of the individual can possibly be traced, which the authors also bring up. Privacy of the consumer can come in many different tolerance levels. Consumers nowadays prefer advertisements which are geared more towards their interests than ones that dont. Email and other types of internet messaging services are often times the center of spam targeting. A scholarly article by Evelyne Beatrix Cleff affirms that, Unanticipated advertising messages, commonly referred to mobile spam, are considered to be a form of privacy violation (Cleff, 229). Data which is collected from the market is used to create a profile of the consumer and help to categorize what that persons interests are. Cleff later states in the article that These practices may lead to an over-collecting of personal data without the proper implementation of personal data privacy, such as providing a set of standards governing the collection as well as the use of personal data and addressing issues of privacy and accuracy (Cleff, 229). Since most of use our smartphones for popular social networks such as Facebook, Twitter or Instagram, our standard of privacy as changed c ompletely. 50 years ago, for example, the general population would have never dreamed of putting up their personal home phone number up on a billboard for all to see. Yet nowadays, Facebook users will post even their home addresses on their profiles and other social networking websites with millions of eyes to see it. Because these advertising methods interfere into peoples private information, there are opt-out programs when using these services that restrict personalized advertising from gathering any information from your online browsing habits. A statement made by Cleff brings up the point that Consequently, privacy fears may not only be limiting the growth of m-advertising, but may also be affecting the validity and completeness of customer databases and pro ¬Ã‚ les, leading to inaccurate targeting, wasted effort, etc (Cleff, 229). Because online privacy has been a huge issue, there has been doubt that as the consumer becomes more annoyed by the presence of advertisements on the internet. Since literally all major social networking and online e-tailors provide opt-out programs for their users, will it be able to provide continued revenue growth in the coming years? Regulation and The Future Regulation in the United States falls under the Federal Trade Comission (FTC) with their Federal Trade Commission Act (FTCA) which protects consumers from unfair practices by sellers and marketers alike. A scholarly article in the Texas Law Review by David DeMarco goes indepth on the topic of privacy issues related to online marketing methods and subsequent regulations that comes with it. He goes on to explain that Although e-companies and Internet users may differ about the degree of access to collected information that companies ought to provide to their customers for verification purposesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ businesses have a compelling interest in maintaining accurate and complete information about their customers (DeMarco, 1042). He goes on later to explain how there has been a push in the last two decades to push for industry self-regulation which is considered by a source in his article to be an abject failure. Because the internet is so vast and unregulated by governments, there h ave been huge doubts as to how consumers privacy will ever be regulated. According to a statement made by DeMarco, At the core of the self-regulatory regime sits a websites privacy policy (DeMarco, 1045). Since websites wont take responsibility for your information, who will? People dont realize as they allow for these websites and applications to access our photos, contacts, emails and so on, we give up ourselves to potential criminals that may lurk on the internet. As social networks come and go, the privacy we give up wont change. Society today as shifted completely due to the internet and without regulation, privacy or the idea of it will become nothing more than a word since all our information will be out there for the taking, regardless of your opinion. Overall, privacy issues and mobile advertising have turned into something highly taboo. Opinions on the matter vary from consumer to consumer due to younger people being more open about information their parents generation would have deemed unimaginable to post on the internet for all eyes to see. Laws and regulations by governments cannot keep up with the ever changing fads on the internet. From location based personalized advertising to the billboard you drive past on highway, mobile advertising is becoming embedded into every aspect of our lives. Consumers today carry their phones everywhere and with the mobile internet service providing the link, millions if not billions of people have their information gathered daily to provide a more personalized and creepy targeting campaign for your buying desires.

Shattered Glass

Bobby Taggart December 10, 2012 Tracy Crow Journalism Shattered Glass Response The movie â€Å"Shattered Glass† is about a journalist who writes for the New Republic Newspaper, who later gets caught for fabricating 27 of his stories. The journalists name is Stephen Glass. Glass was 24 when started working writing and reporting for the New Republic. The New Republic is a well-known newspaper located in Washington D. C. Glass has had a reputation for having the most vivid stories. Glass’s first suspicion of fabrication was noticed when he wrote a story about the ACU (American Conservative Union).The Chairman of the ACU David Keene, first questions his story. His story contains a description of drunken tricks by young Republicans and mini-bars. Stephen’s boss confronts him about the situation. Turns out that his story was true, except for one small detail about how there were no mini-bars but just fridges available to rent with alcohol in it. The young journalists, newest story comes about in a staff meeting, which is about Ian Restil, who is a teenage hacker. Restil hacked into Jukt Micronics security systems. Jukt Micronics proceeds by hiring the teenage hacker.After the issue is printed, the editor at Forbes Digital Tool questions his reporter Adam Penenberg how he didn’t get the story on this teenage hacker who is hire by Jukt Micronics as a security consultant. Penenberg begins to investigate the article, as it already appears to be fishy. After more and more research, Penenberg takes his research to his boss showing him that nothing in the article exists. He then begins by making a phone call to Stephen for contact information on his sources mentioned in the article. The phone numbers given from Glass to Penenberg were made up as well.Stephen’s editor along with Forbes Digital Tool’s editor in the end found out that none of his sources existed. Stephen’s editor figures out that his brother lives in southern Ca lifornia, who has been setting up voicemails on his number to back up the fact checking process for him. This movie showed me how important it was to have all of your sources available and credible. Fabricating quotes is a serious manner in the journalism world. Fabricating anything can ruin an individual’s reputation as a writer and can even take down an entire newspaper just like the New Republic Newspaper.Journalism is a load of work. Taking shortcuts in journalism will catch up to you and haunt you throughout the rest of your career. Writing for a newspaper takes many countless hours of hard work without doubt. Therefore, fabricating anything in journalism can lead up to you being sued. Overall, this movie showed me a lesson personally and I’m living up to the consequences right now. If you put the time and effort into getting important information, the results will show the rewards.

Persuasive Essay About Christopher Columbus - 1449 Words

The year was 1492, and a European catholic man determined to find a new trade route to the Asian continents accidently discovers the American continent, by doing so he introduces the old world to the new. I’m speaking of course of Christopher Columbus, the great explore. Little did he know that he would spark a fire of exploration and conquest. Fueled by greed and of lavish stories told about cities of gold. The Conquistadors of Spain would come in ships by the hundreds, roaming and pillaging the new lands of South America. As the conquistadors moved further north they discover a very hostile and beautiful land later called â€Å"Texas†. Years later, the French come to Texas and so do the Anglos which derived of Germans, Irish and†¦show more content†¦I’m speaking of cores of Houston, Dallas and San Antonio. There are also city’s such as Austin, Fort Worth and El Paso with populations exceeding over 500,000. Between the years of 2011 and 201 2 the city of San Marcos had the highest growth rate in all the united states cities with more than a 50,000 population increases. In a 2010 census the population in Texas the population was estimated to be 25,145,561. The 2010 census confirmed a population growth of 20.6%from the previous census back in 2000were the estimated population was at 20,851,820. This percentage may seem like a big number but it is a steady and for the most part a very accurate calculation for the Texas population. The largest increase in the population of Texas was between the years of 1850 through 1860 were the population was 212,592 and shot up to 604,215. Giving this ten year period a 184.2%. (US Census) In a tx.us/Publications/2014-11 article the â€Å"Texas Population Projections 2010 to 2050, highlights a population explosion that may well occur over the next 45 years – those individuals aged 14 and under would nearly double from 5.7 million in 2010 to 10.2 million in 2050. The 15-64 demogra phic would swell from 16.8 million to 34.7 million, and the senior 65-and-over demographic would jump from 2.6 million to 9.4 million. In total, Texas population would swell to 54.4 million, based on immigration and people moving from other U.S. states. The report predicted Hispanic population toShow MoreRelatedWe Should Abolish Columbus Day1389 Words   |  6 Pages 2016 We Should Abolish Columbus Day Only two federal holidays in the United States bear the name of two specific men, ironically one of them fought racism -- Martin Luther King Jr., and the other was a genocidal racist – Chistopher Columbus. 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Sophocles’ Oedipus Cycle †Antigone, as a Feminist Essay

Sophocles’ Oedipus Cycle – Antigone, as a Feminist Throughout history, women have always stood in the shadows of men. In many cultures, the role of women has always been to be seen and not heard. As one of the first feminists in world literature, the character Antigone, of Sophocles’ Oedipus Cycle, displays fine characteristics of a great female leader in order to stand up against male dominance for her religious, political, and personal beliefs. When the king denies her brother, Polynices, proper burial, Antigone goes against state law by burying him herself in order to protect heavenly decree and maintain justice. In doing this, she steps out of her place as a woman in a male dominated society. In order to characterize Antigone†¦show more content†¦A sort of role reversal takes place between her and her father. She takes the position of the father and head of the family while her blind, helpless father acts as the child dependent upon Antigone for survival. She is in charge of making the decisions, caring for him, and being his shoulder as well as his eyes. In leading him and caring for him, she develops herself into a much stronger woman than the women of her society, becoming strong both mentally and physically. It is during this time in her life that Sophocles develops Antigone’s most important trait, her strong will. Years later, after Oedipus’ death, Antigone uses the characteristics and qualities that have developed inside of her through the years towards fighting for that which she believes. When the king denies her brother a proper burial and makes it illegal for anyone to bury him in Sophocles’ Antigone, Antigone decides it is up to her to take justice into her own hands and give him a proper burial. As a feminist she stands up to male dominance in order to make her views heard. Antigone forces her political and religious views on the male dictator and his domain when she places heavenly decree above state law by burying her brother, Polynices. In ancient Greece, it was believed that if a body were not buried, the spirit would roam the earth and never reach heaven. By not burying Polynices’ body, King Creon took the power of the gods away by deciding that Polynices did not deserve